{"id":4391,"date":"2026-10-09T22:45:00","date_gmt":"2026-10-09T18:45:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/therapytopics.com\/?page_id=4391"},"modified":"2026-10-09T23:55:54","modified_gmt":"2026-10-09T19:55:54","slug":"visual-perceptual-processing","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/therapytopics.com\/es\/visual-perceptual-processing\/","title":{"rendered":"Visual Perceptual Processing"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"4391\" class=\"elementor elementor-4391\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-604495a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"604495a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f7bdc55\" data-id=\"f7bdc55\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb49f54 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb49f54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1><strong>Visual Perceptual Processing<\/strong><\/h1>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6206abb\" data-id=\"6206abb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-adccde2 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"adccde2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/therapytopics.com\/es\/about\/\"><strong>Escrito por:<\/strong> Dr. C., M.S., D.OT, OTR\/L, Reviewed: October, 2026 &#8211; 9 min read<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1450da5 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1450da5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/therapytopics.com\/es\/about\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/therapytopics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/headshot_circle.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2907\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/therapytopics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/headshot_circle.png 400w, https:\/\/therapytopics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/headshot_circle-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/therapytopics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/headshot_circle-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/therapytopics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/headshot_circle-70x70.png 70w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffeb3cf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffeb3cf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2c81a7f\" data-id=\"2c81a7f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1148930 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget-mobile__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"1148930\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tUp to 70%\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-icon-box-description\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tOf stroke survivors experience perceptual difficulty\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6bd36e elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget-mobile__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"c6bd36e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOT, PT, SLP &amp; Optometry\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-icon-box-description\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tFour disciplines address visual perceptual processing\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d87d2b2 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget-mobile__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"d87d2b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t7 Skills\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-icon-box-description\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tVisual-perceptual areas assessed by the TVPS-4\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-25c1b9c elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget-mobile__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"25c1b9c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u2260 Eyesight\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-icon-box-description\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tVisual perception is processed in the brain, not the eye\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f2bdd05 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget-mobile__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"f2bdd05\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLifespan\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-icon-box-description\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tAffects children in development and adults after neurological injury\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-38b912a\" data-id=\"38b912a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-95a7fcf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"95a7fcf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7cd572d\" data-id=\"7cd572d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d2e2ef elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4d2e2ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/therapytopics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/ChatGPT-Image-Oct-9-2026-03_37_23-PM-rum72y7ez6ywsoro92f54fgr86luryy5as5426mlbk.png\" title=\"ChatGPT Image Oct 9, 2026, 03_37_23 PM\" alt=\"ChatGPT Image Oct 9, 2026, 03_37_23 PM\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a849739\" data-id=\"a849739\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4ab2610 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4ab2610\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e900d66\" data-id=\"e900d66\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d13998a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d13998a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div style=\"background-color: #1f497d; color: #ffffff; border-radius: 8px; padding: 24px 28px; margin: 28px 0;\"><h2 style=\"color: #ffffff; margin-top: 0;\">Conclusiones clave<\/h2><ul style=\"margin: 0; padding-left: 20px;\"><li style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\">Visual perceptual processing is the brain\u2019s ability to interpret visual information \u2014 and it\u2019s separate from eyesight. A person can have 20\/20 vision and still have significant visual perceptual difficulties.<\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\">Standardized OT assessments such as the TVPS-4 (Test of Visual Perceptual Skills, Fourth Edition) examine seven visual-perceptual skill areas \u2014 discrimination, memory, spatial relationships, form constancy, sequential memory, figure-ground, and closure.<\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\">Visual perceptual difficulties can emerge during childhood development or following stroke or brain injury, affecting daily activities across the lifespan.<\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\">Up to 70% of stroke survivors may experience some form of perceptual difficulty, depending on lesion location and the type of deficit assessed (Hazelton et al., 2022).<\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\">OT, PT, SLP, and optometry each approach visual perceptual processing differently \u2014 daily task performance, balance and mobility, AAC symbol access, and visual system function, respectively.<\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\">Emerging research suggests that selected OT interventions may improve visual-perceptual skills in children. Whether those improvements consistently carry over into daily activities \u2014 handwriting, self-care, school performance \u2014 is still being studied.<\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\">Vestibular rehabilitation \u2014 exercises that train the balance and visual systems to work together \u2014 has systematic review and meta-analytic support for improving balance and gait after stroke (Meng et al., 2023).<\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\">AAC display design \u2014 symbol size, spacing, and background contrast \u2014 affects how reliably someone with developmental disabilities can locate and select symbols (Wilkinson et al., 2021).<\/li><\/ul><\/div><p><!-- \u2500\u2500 IMPORTANT BOX \u2500\u2500 --><\/p><div style=\"background-color: #fff3cd; border: 2px solid #D4A017; border-radius: 8px; padding: 20px 24px; margin: 24px 0;\"><p style=\"margin: 0 0 10px 0;\"><strong>Importante:<\/strong> Visual perceptual processing is not the same as visual acuity. An optometrist or ophthalmologist assesses whether the eyes see clearly. An OT assesses how the brain processes and interprets what the eyes see. Both evaluations may be needed when visual concerns are present. If a child or adult hasn\u2019t had a recent eye exam, that should happen before or alongside a visual perception evaluation.<\/p><p style=\"margin: 0;\"><strong>Note for clinicians:<\/strong> The TVPS-4 (2017) is the current edition used in clinical practice. The TVPS-3 is referenced on this page where cited research used it as an outcome measure (Wu et al., 2022); for assessment, use the TVPS-4.<\/p><\/div><p><!-- \u2500\u2500 EVIDENCE BOX \u2500\u2500 --><\/p><div style=\"background-color: #ddeeff; border: 2px solid #2E74B5; border-radius: 8px; padding: 20px 24px; margin: 24px 0;\"><h3 style=\"color: #000000; margin-top: 0;\">What the Evidence Does \u2014 and Does Not \u2014 Show<\/h3><p style=\"margin: 0;\">Research supports assessment and treatment of visual-perceptual difficulties when they interfere with daily activities. Some studies have found improvements in visual-perceptual test scores following targeted interventions. But improvement on a visual-perceptual test does not automatically mean that reading, handwriting, self-care, or other everyday activities will improve. <strong>Therapy should connect identified visual-perceptual difficulties to meaningful functional goals \u2014 not just aim to raise scores.<\/strong><\/p><\/div><p><!-- \u2500\u2500 UNDERSTANDING THE RESEARCH \u2500\u2500 --><\/p><div style=\"background-color: #ddeeff; border: 2px solid #2E74B5; border-radius: 8px; padding: 20px 24px; margin: 24px 0;\"><h3 style=\"color: #000000; margin-top: 0;\">Understanding the Research<\/h3><p style=\"margin: 0;\">This page cites several types of research studies. A <strong>randomized controlled trial (RCT)<\/strong> compares two or more interventions, with participants randomly assigned to groups, to determine which produces better outcomes. A <strong>systematic review<\/strong> combines and critically evaluates all available studies on a topic. A <strong>meta-analysis<\/strong> goes a step further, statistically pooling results across studies to produce an overall estimate of effect. Each type of study has strengths and limitations \u2014 being a systematic review, for example, does not guarantee that the evidence is strong if the underlying studies are limited.<\/p><\/div><p><!-- \u2500\u2500 TABLE OF CONTENTS \u2500\u2500 --><\/p><h2 style=\"color: #000000;\">Contenido<\/h2><ol><li><a href=\"#what-is-vpp\">What Is Visual Perceptual Processing?<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#seven-components\">The Seven Components of Visual Perception<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#optometry\">Visual Perceptual Processing and Optometry<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#ot\">Visual Perceptual Processing and Occupational Therapy<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#pt\">Visual Perceptual Processing and Physical Therapy<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#slp\">Visual Perceptual Processing and Speech-Language Pathology<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#referral\">When to Request a Referral<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#references\">Referencias<\/a><\/li><\/ol><p><!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 SECTION 1 \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 --><\/p><h2 id=\"what-is-vpp\" style=\"color: #000000;\">1. What Is Visual Perceptual Processing?<\/h2><p><!-- IMAGE PLACEHOLDER 1: Hero image \u2014 OT working with child at table using shapes\/puzzles. Suggested alt text: \"Occupational therapist assessing visual perceptual skills with a child.\" Placement: immediately below the H2, full-width or right-floated. --><\/p><p>Visual perceptual processing is the brain\u2019s ability to receive, organize, and interpret visual information from the environment. It goes well beyond eyesight. Vision is what the eyes detect \u2014 visual perceptual processing is how the brain makes meaning from that input. Recognizing letters, understanding spatial relationships, recognizing an object from different angles, finding a cup on a cluttered shelf: all of that is visual perceptual processing.<\/p><p>These difficulties can appear during childhood development or after a neurological event such as stroke or traumatic brain injury. In children, they often show up in handwriting, math, and self-care. In adults, they frequently emerge after stroke and affect independence in daily tasks, driving, and community mobility (Carsone et al., 2021; Hazelton et al., 2022).<\/p><p>OTs focus on daily task performance and perceptual skill development. PTs address how vision and the vestibular system (the inner ear\u2019s balance center) work together for balance and gait. SLPs consider how visual attention and processing affect communication and AAC access. Optometrists assess and treat the underlying visual system functions that support perceptual processing.<\/p><p><!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 SECTION 2 \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 --><\/p><h2 id=\"seven-components\" style=\"color: #000000;\">2. The Seven Components of Visual Perception<\/h2><p><!-- IMAGE PLACEHOLDER 2: Infographic or split image showing 2\u20133 component examples (e.g., figure-ground: object on cluttered shelf; visual closure: partially hidden word). Suggested alt text: \"Examples of visual perceptual skill areas including figure-ground and visual closure.\" Placement: right-floated alongside the bullet list, or below the intro paragraph. --><\/p><p>Standardized tools such as the TVPS-4 organize visual perception into seven measurable components \u2014 an assessment framework that helps clinicians identify areas of difficulty. OTs, PTs, and SLPs each work with one or more of these areas, depending on their clinical focus:<\/p><ul><li style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\"><strong>Visual discrimination:<\/strong> identifying differences and similarities between shapes, letters, symbols, or objects. Someone with difficulty here may struggle to distinguish similar-looking medication labels, tell apart traffic signs, or identify subtle differences between symbols on an AAC device.<\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\"><strong>Visual memory:<\/strong> recalling a visual image accurately after it is no longer in view. This shows up when copying from a board or screen \u2014 you have to hold the image in mind while looking down to write \u2014 or when trying to recall how items were arranged on a shelf.<\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\"><strong>Spatial relationships:<\/strong> understanding the position of objects in space relative to oneself and each other. Difficulty here can appear as trouble lining up numbers in a math problem, misjudging distances when reaching or parking, or misreading a map.<\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\"><strong>Form constancy:<\/strong> recognizing a shape or letter regardless of changes in size, position, or color. A person with difficulty here may not recognize the letter \u201cA\u201d in an unfamiliar font, or may fail to identify a familiar object when seen from a different angle.<\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\"><strong>Sequential memory:<\/strong> recalling a series of visual images in the correct order. This affects tasks like reproducing a sequence of shapes or colors after the original is removed, or following step-by-step visual instructions when the steps must be held in mind while being carried out.<\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\"><strong>Figure-ground:<\/strong> identifying a specific object or form within a complex or busy visual background. This can look like difficulty finding a word on a cluttered page, locating an item on a grocery shelf, or spotting a pill bottle among other items in a cabinet.<\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\"><strong>Visual closure:<\/strong> recognizing a complete image or word when only part of it is visible. A person with difficulty here may not recognize a familiar word unless every letter is fully visible, or may struggle to identify an object that is partially hidden.<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-4411\" src=\"https:\/\/therapytopics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/ChatGPT-Image-Oct-9-2026-03_43_29-PM-300x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/therapytopics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/ChatGPT-Image-Oct-9-2026-03_43_29-PM-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/therapytopics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/ChatGPT-Image-Oct-9-2026-03_43_29-PM-1024x512.png 1024w, https:\/\/therapytopics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/ChatGPT-Image-Oct-9-2026-03_43_29-PM-768x384.png 768w, https:\/\/therapytopics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/ChatGPT-Image-Oct-9-2026-03_43_29-PM-1536x768.png 1536w, https:\/\/therapytopics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/ChatGPT-Image-Oct-9-2026-03_43_29-PM-18x9.png 18w, https:\/\/therapytopics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/ChatGPT-Image-Oct-9-2026-03_43_29-PM.png 1774w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/li><\/ul><p>These seven components are relevant across OT, PT, and SLP practice. Standardized test results should always be interpreted alongside direct observation of how the person actually performs in daily activities \u2014 a score alone doesn\u2019t tell the full story.<\/p><div style=\"background-color: #ddeeff; border: 2px solid #2E74B5; border-radius: 8px; padding: 18px 22px; margin: 20px 0;\"><p style=\"margin: 0;\">The TVPS-4 and the Motor-Free Visual Perception Test (MVPT-4) are among the most widely used standardized tools in OT practice. The MVPT-4 is designed to assess visual perception independently of motor ability \u2014 useful when motor impairments might otherwise affect the results.<\/p><\/div><p><!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 SECTION 3: OPTOMETRY \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 --><\/p><h2 id=\"optometry\" style=\"color: #000000;\">3. Visual Perceptual Processing and Optometry<\/h2><p><!-- IMAGE PLACEHOLDER 3: Developmental optometrist assessing a child \u2014 prism lenses, visual tracking. Suggested alt text: \"Developmental optometrist conducting a comprehensive visual assessment with a child.\" Placement: right-floated or below the H2. --><\/p><p>Optometrists assess and treat disorders of the visual system that affect how the brain processes what the eyes see. A standard eye exam determines whether the eyes see clearly. A comprehensive optometric evaluation can identify difficulties with eye tracking (following a moving target), convergence (coordinating both eyes to work together), accommodation (shifting focus between near and far), and visual-perceptual processing. Two specialty areas of optometry are particularly relevant here: developmental optometry and neuro-optometry.<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-4412\" src=\"https:\/\/therapytopics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/ChatGPT-Image-Oct-9-2026-03_46_05-PM-300x200.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/therapytopics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/ChatGPT-Image-Oct-9-2026-03_46_05-PM-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/therapytopics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/ChatGPT-Image-Oct-9-2026-03_46_05-PM-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/therapytopics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/ChatGPT-Image-Oct-9-2026-03_46_05-PM-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/therapytopics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/ChatGPT-Image-Oct-9-2026-03_46_05-PM-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/therapytopics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/ChatGPT-Image-Oct-9-2026-03_46_05-PM.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p><p><strong>Developmental optometrists<\/strong> may evaluate visual functions such as eye teaming, focusing, tracking, and visual processing, and may provide vision therapy \u2014 a structured program of visual activities supervised by an optometrist \u2014 when indicated. Visual and motor development are closely related during childhood, which supports interdisciplinary assessment when visual concerns accompany developmental or functional difficulties (S\u00e1nchez-Gonz\u00e1lez et al., 2022).<\/p><p><strong>Neuro-optometrists<\/strong> specialize in acquired visual disorders following neurological events such as stroke or traumatic brain injury, and may offer office-based or home-based rehabilitation programs targeting eye movement difficulties. A 2024 systematic review examining neuro-optometric rehabilitation in adults found that the available research is limited, and additional high-quality studies are needed before firm conclusions about effectiveness can be drawn (Jose et al., 2024).<\/p><p>Optometrists often work alongside OTs, PTs, and SLPs when visual difficulties affect daily function. An optometric evaluation may be recommended before or alongside a visual perception OT evaluation \u2014 particularly when eye movement disorders, focusing difficulties, or convergence problems may be contributing to a child\u2019s or adult\u2019s functional challenges.<\/p><div style=\"background-color: #e8f5e9; border: 2px solid #4CAF50; border-radius: 8px; padding: 20px 24px; margin: 24px 0;\"><h3 style=\"color: #000000; margin-top: 0;\">For Patients and Families: Optometry and Visual Perceptual Processing<\/h3><ul style=\"margin: 0; padding-left: 20px;\"><li style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\">A standard eye exam checks whether your eyes see clearly \u2014 it doesn\u2019t assess how the brain processes visual information. If visual perceptual concerns are present, a developmental or neuro-optometric evaluation may give you more to work with.<\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\">For children with learning difficulties, a developmental optometrist can assess tracking, focusing, eye teaming, and visual-perceptual skills to determine whether visual system issues may be contributing to challenges in school.<\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\">For adults following stroke or brain injury, neuro-optometric rehabilitation may address eye movement and visual processing difficulties that affect reading, mobility, and daily independence. Research in this area is developing, and a specialist can advise on whether it is appropriate for your situation (Jose et al., 2024).<\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom: 0;\">An optometrist and an OT often work as a team when both visual system function and daily task performance are affected.<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div style=\"background-color: #ede7f6; border: 2px solid #7B1FA2; border-radius: 8px; padding: 20px 24px; margin: 24px 0;\"><h3 style=\"color: #000000; margin-top: 0;\">For Clinicians: Optometry Practice Considerations<\/h3><ul style=\"margin: 0; padding-left: 20px;\"><li style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\">Refer to a developmental optometrist when a child presents with visual-perceptual or visual-motor difficulties that may have an underlying oculomotor or binocular vision component \u2014 particularly convergence insufficiency, tracking deficits, or unstable accommodation.<\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><strong>Neuro-optometric evaluation<\/strong> may be appropriate for adults post-stroke or post-TBI when visual field deficits, diplopia (double vision), or oculomotor impairments are present alongside or distinct from higher-level visual-perceptual processing deficits. The evidence base for neuro-optometric rehabilitation in adults is limited; refer based on individual clinical presentation (Jose et al., 2024).<\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\">Coordinate OT and optometry scopes carefully: optometrists address visual system function; OTs address how perceptual deficits affect participation in daily activities. Both evaluations may be indicated and are complementary.<\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom: 0;\">Visual system assessment results \u2014 tracking, convergence, field testing \u2014 can inform OT evaluation and treatment planning, particularly when visual-perceptual test scores don\u2019t align with observed functional performance.<\/li><\/ul><\/div><p><!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 SECTION 4: OT \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 --><\/p><h2 id=\"ot\" style=\"color: #000000;\">4. Visual Perceptual Processing and Occupational Therapy<\/h2><p><!-- IMAGE PLACEHOLDER 4: OT working with adult stroke patient on functional task (e.g., locating objects on a cluttered table, organizing medication). Suggested alt text: \"Occupational therapist supporting a stroke patient with a visual-perceptual functional task.\" Placement: right-floated after the first paragraph, or between the 3rd and 4th paragraphs. --><\/p><p>Occupational therapists assess and treat visual perceptual processing across the lifespan, with a focus on how perceptual difficulties affect independence in daily activities. In children, this includes handwriting, copying tasks, self-care, and participating in classroom activities. In adults, OT addresses how visual-perceptual impairments after stroke or brain injury limit performance of daily tasks, functional mobility, and community participation.<\/p><p>Visual-motor integration \u2014 the coordination of visual perception with motor output \u2014 is a key area of OT assessment in pediatric populations. Children with developmental disabilities show significant variation in visual-motor scores by age, sex, and diagnosis, which means evaluations and goals need to be individualized (Carsone et al., 2021).<\/p><p>An RCT involving 23 children with developmental disabilities found that adding interactive digital games to conventional rehabilitation significantly improved overall visual-perceptual test scores compared with conventional rehabilitation alone (Wu et al., 2022). The results are encouraging, but this was a small study. We still don\u2019t know whether better scores on a visual perception test lead to meaningful changes in what children can do day to day.<\/p><p>Children with developmental dyslexia who received visual perception-based OT showed improvements in fine motor performance and perceptual skill scores, with some reading-related gains also reported (K\u00f6se et al., 2024). That said, dyslexia is primarily a language-based reading disorder, and visual-perceptual exercises have not consistently demonstrated improvements in reading accuracy or comprehension. The evidence for reading gains remains limited. Visual perception-based OT should complement \u2014 not replace \u2014 structured literacy instruction that addresses phonological awareness (the ability to recognize and work with the sounds in words) and decoding skills.<\/p><p>Adults who develop perceptual disorders following stroke are a core OT population. Visual neglect \u2014 difficulty attending to one side of the visual field \u2014 along with spatial perception deficits and figure-ground difficulties can significantly affect daily independence. Up to 70% of stroke survivors may experience some form of perceptual difficulty, depending on lesion location and the type of deficit assessed. A Cochrane systematic review examined interventions for perceptual disorders following stroke \u2014 not including visual neglect or visual field deficits, which were considered separately \u2014 and found insufficient evidence to determine the effectiveness of the interventions reviewed, while calling for additional research (Hazelton et al., 2022). Occupational therapists may use compensatory strategies, environmental modifications, and targeted rehabilitation to address these challenges.<\/p><p>In OT, the goal isn\u2019t simply to improve a score on a visual perception test. What matters is whether the difficulty is getting in the way of something the person needs to do \u2014 and OT doesn\u2019t need to eliminate the underlying perceptual deficit to improve participation. Adapting the environment, modifying task demands, or providing compensatory strategies can meaningfully improve a person\u2019s ability to function even when the perceptual impairment itself remains. A child who has difficulty finding information on a worksheet may benefit from reduced visual clutter, highlighted instructions, and systematic scanning strategies. An adult recovering from stroke may practice locating objects during meal preparation, organizing medications, or navigating familiar environments. These approaches connect visual-perceptual rehabilitation directly to meaningful daily life.<\/p><div style=\"background-color: #e8f5e9; border: 2px solid #4CAF50; border-radius: 8px; padding: 20px 24px; margin: 24px 0;\"><h3 style=\"color: #000000; margin-top: 0;\">For Patients and Families: Visual Perceptual Processing in OT<\/h3><ul style=\"margin: 0; padding-left: 20px;\"><li style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\">An OT may assess specific visual-perceptual skill areas using standardized tools such as the TVPS-4 or MVPT-4, along with observation of how visual-perceptual difficulties affect everyday activities.<\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\">Therapy may include tabletop activities, digital game tasks, and functional practice in handwriting or daily tasks \u2014 all targeting specific perceptual components (Wu et al., 2022).<\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\">For school-age children with dyslexia or learning differences, visual perception-based OT has shown improvements in motor skills and perceptual test scores. It works best alongside literacy instruction that addresses phonological awareness and decoding (K\u00f6se et al., 2024).<\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom: 0;\">OT for visual perception after stroke focuses on daily activities such as finding objects, navigating familiar environments, and managing daily routines. When the underlying perceptual difficulty cannot be fully remediated, environmental modifications and compensatory strategies can still significantly improve participation (Hazelton et al., 2022).<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div style=\"background-color: #ede7f6; border: 2px solid #7B1FA2; border-radius: 8px; padding: 20px 24px; margin: 24px 0;\"><h3 style=\"color: #000000; margin-top: 0;\">For Clinicians: OT Practice Considerations<\/h3><ul style=\"margin: 0; padding-left: 20px;\"><li style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\">Differentiate between visual acuity deficits (refer to optometry) and visual perceptual processing deficits (OT scope) before initiating intervention; both evaluations may be indicated.<\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\">The TVPS-4 provides subtest-level information across seven perceptual components. Interpret these findings alongside functional observations to identify areas that may be contributing to occupational performance difficulties and inform intervention planning.<\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\">Separate motor-free visual perception assessment (MVPT-4) from visual-motor integration assessment (Beery VMI) to distinguish perceptual from motor contributions to task performance (Carsone et al., 2021).<\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\">RCT evidence supports technology-assisted and game-based interventions for improving visual perceptual skill scores in children with developmental disabilities; transfer to everyday activities requires further study (Wu et al., 2022).<\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\">Visual perception-based OT programs have RCT evidence for improving fine motor and perceptual outcomes in children with dyslexia; evidence for reading gains is more limited and should not be overstated (K\u00f6se et al., 2024).<\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom: 0;\">For adults post-stroke, distinguish between visual neglect, visual field deficits, and higher-level perceptual disorders \u2014 Hazelton et al. (2022) addresses the latter specifically. Compensatory and environmental approaches are appropriate when restorative gains are limited.<\/li><\/ul><\/div><p><!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 SECTION 5: PT \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 --><\/p><h2 id=\"pt\" style=\"color: #000000;\">5. Visual Perceptual Processing and Physical Therapy<\/h2><p><!-- IMAGE PLACEHOLDER 5: PT guiding patient through balance exercise with visual targets, or gaze-stability exercise in standing. Suggested alt text: \"Physical therapist guiding a patient through vestibular rehabilitation with visual targets.\" Placement: right-floated below the H2. --><\/p><p>Physical therapists address visual perceptual processing primarily through visual-vestibular integration \u2014 the coordination of the visual system, vestibular system (the inner ear\u2019s balance center), and proprioception (the body\u2019s sense of its own position in space) for postural control, balance, and gait. When this coordination is disrupted following neurological injury, visual perception becomes a key factor in rehabilitation.<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-4414\" src=\"https:\/\/therapytopics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/ChatGPT-Image-Oct-9-2026-03_55_11-PM-300x200.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/therapytopics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/ChatGPT-Image-Oct-9-2026-03_55_11-PM-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/therapytopics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/ChatGPT-Image-Oct-9-2026-03_55_11-PM-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/therapytopics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/ChatGPT-Image-Oct-9-2026-03_55_11-PM-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/therapytopics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/ChatGPT-Image-Oct-9-2026-03_55_11-PM-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/therapytopics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/ChatGPT-Image-Oct-9-2026-03_55_11-PM.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p><p>Vestibular rehabilitation \u2014 which includes gaze-stability exercises and visual-motor coordination tasks \u2014 is an evidence-based component of post-stroke physical therapy. A systematic review and meta-analysis of 15 RCTs found significant improvements in balance and gait outcomes with this approach (Meng et al., 2023).<\/p><p>For stroke survivors with visual field deficits, VR-based visual perceptual learning is an area of active investigation. A 2024 RCT found that participants in both the experimental and control groups demonstrated improvements in visual field measurements, but the differences between groups were not statistically significant \u2014 both groups received forms of visual training. The findings are encouraging, and additional research is needed to establish effectiveness (Namgung et al., 2024). It\u2019s also worth noting that visual field deficits and visual-perceptual processing disorders are distinct conditions: visual field loss affects what a person can see; visual-perceptual processing affects how the brain interprets what is seen. Both can interfere with mobility, environmental awareness, and daily activities \u2014 and both may require coordinated rehabilitation.<\/p><p>See also: <a href=\"https:\/\/therapytopics.com\/es\/fall-prevention\/\">Prevenci\u00f3n de ca\u00eddas<\/a> y <a href=\"https:\/\/therapytopics.com\/es\/stroke-recovery\/\">Recuperaci\u00f3n tras un accidente cerebrovascular<\/a> for more on how visual deficits interact with mobility and rehabilitation outcomes.<\/p><div style=\"background-color: #e8f5e9; border: 2px solid #4CAF50; border-radius: 8px; padding: 20px 24px; margin: 24px 0;\"><h3 style=\"color: #000000; margin-top: 0;\">For Patients and Families: Visual Perceptual Processing in PT<\/h3><ul style=\"margin: 0; padding-left: 20px;\"><li style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\">A PT may assess how well your visual system and balance system work together during standing, walking, and movement tasks.<\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\">Gaze-stability exercises, balance training on uneven surfaces, and VR-based activities may be used to improve visual-vestibular coordination and reduce fall risk (Meng et al., 2023).<\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\">If you have a visual field deficit after stroke, VR-based approaches are being studied as a rehabilitation option. Ask your PT or physician whether this type of program is appropriate for your situation (Namgung et al., 2024).<\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom: 0;\">PT may coordinate with OT and optometry when visual perceptual difficulties affect mobility, safety, and daily function.<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div style=\"background-color: #ede7f6; border: 2px solid #7B1FA2; border-radius: 8px; padding: 20px 24px; margin: 24px 0;\"><h3 style=\"color: #000000; margin-top: 0;\">For Clinicians: PT Practice Considerations<\/h3><ul style=\"margin: 0; padding-left: 20px;\"><li style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\">Include visual-vestibular integration screening as part of balance and gait evaluation for individuals post-stroke and post-TBI, particularly when fall risk or spatial disorientation is present.<\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\">Vestibular rehabilitation protocols incorporating gaze-stability and visual-motor components are supported by systematic review and meta-analytic evidence for improving balance and gait outcomes post-stroke (Meng et al., 2023).<\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\">VR-based approaches for visual field rehabilitation following stroke show promise in early trials but have not yet demonstrated statistically significant between-group superiority; consider alongside established vestibular and perceptual rehabilitation approaches (Namgung et al., 2024).<\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\">Distinguish between visual field loss (neurological, may require neuro-optometry) and higher-level visual perceptual processing deficits (OT scope) when determining referral and co-treatment needs.<\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom: 0;\">Coordinate with OT for functional daily activity implications of visual perception and visual field deficits identified during PT evaluation.<\/li><\/ul><\/div><p><!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 SECTION 6: SLP \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 --><\/p><h2 id=\"slp\" style=\"color: #000000;\">6. Visual Perceptual Processing and Speech-Language Pathology<\/h2><p><!-- IMAGE PLACEHOLDER 6: Child using AAC device with adapted display (high contrast, clear symbols). Suggested alt text: \"Child using an adapted AAC communication display with high-contrast symbols.\" Placement: right-floated below the H2. --><\/p><p>Speech-language pathologists encounter visual perceptual processing in the context of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) \u2014 tools and strategies that help people communicate when speech is limited or absent \u2014 and literacy. For AAC users, visual attention and visual discrimination directly affect how effectively someone locates, identifies, and selects symbols on a communication display. For children developing literacy, visual perceptual skills support letter recognition, word identification, and reading fluency.<\/p><p>Research using eye-tracking technology has demonstrated that individuals with developmental disabilities can direct visual attention toward cued symbols within complex AAC displays. These findings have clinical implications for how SLPs design displays and conduct individualized assessment \u2014 symbol placement, background contrast, and visual complexity are all variables worth examining systematically for each person (Wilkinson et al., 2021).<\/p><p>Children with CVI (cortical visual impairment \u2014 a brain-based visual processing condition that affects how the brain interprets what the eyes see, rather than how clearly the eye sees) and complex communication needs often require input from the SLP, OT, and vision specialist together. Standard AAC displays and strategies may be inaccessible without modification. Adapted AAC strategies may improve communication access and participation for this population, though available research varies in quality and additional studies are needed to identify which approaches are most effective (Quezada et al., 2026).<\/p><p>See also: <a href=\"https:\/\/therapytopics.com\/es\/augmentative-assistive-communication-aac\/\">Comunicaci\u00f3n Aumentativa y Alternativa (CAA)<\/a> y <a href=\"https:\/\/therapytopics.com\/es\/speech-and-language-delays-in-children\/\">Retrasos en el habla y el lenguaje en ni\u00f1os<\/a>.<\/p><div style=\"background-color: #e8f5e9; border: 2px solid #4CAF50; border-radius: 8px; padding: 20px 24px; margin: 24px 0;\"><h3 style=\"color: #000000; margin-top: 0;\">For Patients and Families: Visual Perceptual Processing and Communication<\/h3><ul style=\"margin: 0; padding-left: 20px;\"><li style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\">If your child uses an AAC device or picture-based communication, how symbols are arranged, sized, and contrasted can affect how easily they find and select the right option. An SLP can assess this and adjust the display to better match your child\u2019s visual processing abilities (Wilkinson et al., 2021).<\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\">For children with cortical visual impairment (CVI), adapted AAC strategies may improve communication access and participation. Research in this area is growing, and a team approach involving SLP, OT, and a vision specialist gives the most complete picture (Quezada et al., 2026).<\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom: 0;\">SLP, OT, and vision specialists often collaborate when a child has both communication needs and visual perceptual processing difficulties.<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div style=\"background-color: #ede7f6; border: 2px solid #7B1FA2; border-radius: 8px; padding: 20px 24px; margin: 24px 0;\"><h3 style=\"color: #000000; margin-top: 0;\">For Clinicians: SLP Practice Considerations<\/h3><ul style=\"margin: 0; padding-left: 20px;\"><li style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\">Visual attention to symbol arrays is a clinically distinct concern for AAC users with intellectual, developmental, or visual disabilities; do not assume symbol access is adequate without examining visual attention to the display.<\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\">Eye-tracking research indicates that visual attention to cued targets within AAC displays is an addressable skill; use individualized assessment to determine which display variables \u2014 size, spacing, contrast, density \u2014 may be limiting reliable access for a given person (Wilkinson et al., 2021).<\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\">Students with CVI and complex communication needs require AAC interventions adapted to their unique visual processing profiles. Collaborate with OT and vision specialists; available evidence varies in quality (Quezada et al., 2026).<\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\">Refer to OT for formal visual perceptual processing assessment when visual discrimination, figure-ground, or visual attention deficits are suspected to be affecting symbol recognition or literacy performance.<\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom: 0;\">Coordinate with vision specialists (neuro-optometrist, teacher of the visually impaired) when CVI or visual field deficits are present alongside communication needs.<\/li><\/ul><\/div><p><!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 SECTION 7: REFERRAL \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 --><\/p><h2 id=\"referral\" style=\"color: #000000;\">7. When to Request a Referral<\/h2><div style=\"background-color: #fff3cd; border: 2px solid #D4A017; border-radius: 8px; padding: 20px 24px; margin: 20px 0;\"><h3 style=\"color: #000000; margin-top: 0;\">When to Request an OT, PT, SLP, or Optometry Referral<\/h3><p><strong>Consider an OT referral when:<\/strong><\/p><ul style=\"padding-left: 20px;\"><li style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\">A child demonstrates persistent difficulty with visual organization, copying from the board, locating materials, or completing visually demanding classroom tasks despite appropriate instruction and accommodations (Wu et al., 2022).<\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\">A child\u2019s identified visual-perceptual difficulties are affecting handwriting, self-care, or other daily activities (K\u00f6se et al., 2024).<\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\">An adult reports changes in visual processing following stroke, TBI, or neurological illness \u2014 including difficulty finding objects or navigating familiar environments (Hazelton et al., 2022).<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Consider a PT referral when:<\/strong><\/p><ul style=\"padding-left: 20px;\"><li style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\">Balance difficulties or increased fall risk are present following stroke or neurological injury, particularly with accompanying visual complaints or dizziness (Meng et al., 2023).<\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\">Visual field deficits following stroke are affecting functional mobility, safe walking, or community independence.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Consider an SLP referral when:<\/strong><\/p><ul style=\"padding-left: 20px;\"><li style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\">An AAC user has difficulty selecting symbols consistently or accurately, even when device access is otherwise appropriate (Wilkinson et al., 2021).<\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\">A student with known or suspected CVI has unmet communication needs or is not progressing with current AAC strategies (Quezada et al., 2026).<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Consider an optometry referral when:<\/strong><\/p><ul style=\"padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: 0;\"><li style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\">A child has not had a comprehensive eye exam before being referred for OT visual perception services, or when an OT evaluation reveals unexplained discrepancies between perceptual test performance and functional observation.<\/li><li style=\"margin-bottom: 0;\">An adult following stroke or TBI presents with diplopia (double vision), visual field loss, or oculomotor deficits; neuro-optometric evaluation may be appropriate (Jose et al., 2024).<\/li><\/ul><\/div><p><!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 REFERENCES \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 --><\/p><h2 id=\"references\" style=\"color: #000000;\">8. References<\/h2><p>Carsone, B., Green, K., Torrence, W., &amp; Henry, B. (2021). Systematic review of visual motor integration in children with developmental disabilities. <em>Occupational Therapy International, 2021<\/em>, Article 1801196. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/1801196\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/1801196<\/a><\/p><p>Hazelton, C., Thomson, K., Todhunter-Brown, A., Campbell, P., Chung, C. S., Dorris, L., Gillespie, D. C., Hunter, S. M., McGill, K., Nicolson, D. J., Williams, L. J., &amp; Brady, M. C. (2022). Interventions for perceptual disorders following stroke. <em>Base de datos Cochrane de revisiones sistem\u00e1ticas, 2022<\/em>(11), Article CD007039. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD007039.pub3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD007039.pub3<\/a><\/p><p>Jose, J., George, B. M., Bhandary, S. V., &amp; Jasti, D. B. (2024). Impact of neuro-optometric rehabilitation on adult oculomotor challenges: A systematic review. <em>Oman Journal of Ophthalmology, 17<\/em>(3), 320\u2013324. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ojo.ojo_60_24\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ojo.ojo_60_24<\/a><\/p><p>K\u00f6se, B., Temizkan, E., \u015eahin, S., Kara, K., &amp; Uyan\u0131k, M. (2024). Effects of a visual perception-based occupational therapy programme on reading and motor skills in children with developmental dyslexia: Single blind randomised crossover study design. <em>Dyslexia, 30<\/em>(3), Article e1773. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dys.1773\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dys.1773<\/a><\/p><p>Meng, L. J., Liang, Q., Yuan, J. R., Li, S. Y., Ge, Y. L., Yang, J. Y., Tsang, R. C. C., &amp; Wei, Q. (2023). Vestibular rehabilitation therapy on balance and gait in patients after stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis. <em>BMC Medicine, 21<\/em>, Article 322. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-023-03029-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-023-03029-9<\/a><\/p><p>Namgung, E., Kwon, S. U., Han, M.-K., Kim, G.-M., Kim, H. Y., Park, K. Y., Cho, M., Choi, H. G., Nah, H. W., Lim, H. T., &amp; Kang, D.-W. (2024). Digital therapeutics using virtual reality-based visual perceptual learning for visual field defects in stroke: A double-blind randomized trial. <em>Brain and Behavior, 14<\/em>(5), Article e3525. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/brb3.3525\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/brb3.3525<\/a><\/p><p>Quezada, S., Tuttle, M., Williams, A. N., &amp; Root, J. (2026). Alternative and augmentative communication interventions for students with visual impairment and complex communication needs: A systematic literature review. <em>The Journal of Special Education<\/em>. Advance online publication. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00224669261477749\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00224669261477749<\/a><\/p><p>S\u00e1nchez-Gonz\u00e1lez, M. C., Palomo-Carri\u00f3n, R., De-Hita-Cantalejo, C., Romero-Galisteo, R. P., Guti\u00e9rrez-S\u00e1nchez, E., &amp; Pi\u00f1ero-Pinto, E. (2022). Visual system and motor development in children: A systematic review. <em>Acta Ophthalmologica, 100<\/em>(7), e1356\u2013e1369. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aos.15111\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aos.15111<\/a><\/p><p>Wilkinson, K. M., Zimmerman, T. O., &amp; Light, J. (2021). Visual attention to cued targets in simulated aided augmentative and alternative communication displays for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities. <em>Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 64<\/em>(5), 1726\u20131738. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/2021_JSLHR-20-00451\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/2021_JSLHR-20-00451<\/a><\/p><p>Wu, W.-L., Huang, Y.-L., Liang, J.-M., Chen, C.-H., Wang, C.-C., &amp; Ho, W.-H. (2022). Interactive digital game for improving visual\u2013perceptual defects in children with a developmental disability: Randomized controlled trial. <em>JMIR Serious Games, 10<\/em>(2), Article e34756. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/34756\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/34756<\/a><\/p><p><!-- \u2500\u2500 RELATED PAGES \u2500\u2500 --><\/p><h2 style=\"color: #000000;\">P\u00e1ginas relacionadas sobre temas de terapia<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/therapytopics.com\/es\/stroke-recovery\/\">Recuperaci\u00f3n tras un accidente cerebrovascular<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/therapytopics.com\/es\/traumatic-brain-injury\/\">Lesi\u00f3n cerebral traum\u00e1tica (LCT)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/therapytopics.com\/es\/fall-prevention\/\">Prevenci\u00f3n de ca\u00eddas<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/therapytopics.com\/es\/sensory-processing\/\">Procesamiento sensorial<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/therapytopics.com\/es\/adhd-in-children\/\">TDAH en ni\u00f1os<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/therapytopics.com\/es\/augmentative-assistive-communication-aac\/\">Comunicaci\u00f3n Aumentativa y Alternativa (CAA)<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-17da596\" data-id=\"17da596\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-b1e4281 elementor-section-height-full elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b1e4281\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column 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data-id=\"920ea2e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2>Ver tambi\u00e9n<\/h2>\n<ul style=\"margin: 0; padding-left: 20px; line-height: 1.8;\">\n<li><a style=\"color: #1f497d;\" href=\"https:\/\/therapytopics.com\/es\/autism-spectrum-disorder\/\">Trastorno del espectro autista<\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n<li><a style=\"color: #1f497d;\" href=\"https:\/\/therapytopics.com\/es\/sensory-processing\/\">Procesamiento sensorial<\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n<li><a style=\"color: #1f497d;\" href=\"https:\/\/therapytopics.com\/es\/speech-and-language-delays-in-children\/\">Retrasos en el habla y el lenguaje en ni\u00f1os<\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n<li><a style=\"color: #1f497d;\" href=\"https:\/\/therapytopics.com\/es\/cerebral-palsy\/\">Par\u00e1lisis cerebral<\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n<li><a style=\"color: #1f497d;\" href=\"https:\/\/therapytopics.com\/es\/traumatic-brain-injury\/\">Lesi\u00f3n cerebral traum\u00e1tica<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Visual Perceptual Processing Written by: Dr. C., M.S., D.OT, OTR\/L, Reviewed: October, 2026 &#8211; 9 min read Up to 70% Of stroke survivors experience perceptual difficulty OT, PT, SLP &amp; Optometry Four disciplines address visual perceptual processing 7 Skills Visual-perceptual areas assessed by the TVPS-4 \u2260 Eyesight Visual perception is processed in the brain, not [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4013,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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